This section includes links to a range of audio-visual material that
is relevant to the study of international and comparative social policy.
'Anti-Globalisation'
Protests
Breaking
The Bank (74 min)
Drawing on the hard work of dozens of volunteer videographers, Breaking
the Bank is a fast-moving collaborative work that documents and explains
the April protests against the IMF and the World Bank. Unlike the
corporate media coverage of this historic event, this new video explores
the issues that drove the protests. Breaking the Bank draws connections
between the policies of these two little-known institutions and international
militarism, ecologically devestating development projects, genetic
engineering, and poverty within the "First World". Breaking the Bank
features interviews with luminaries such as Dr. Vandana Shiva, as
well as figures such as Susan Sarandon, Micheal Moore, and Zach De
La Roche of Rage Against the Machine. Scenes of confrontation and
harassment by a brutal police force are intercut with the passionate
actions of thousands of protestors. Breaking the Bank will serve as
a testament to the creativity, and conviction of the growing movement
against corporate globalization. Produced April 2000 by Big Noise
Films , Changing America, Headwaters Action Video Collective, JustAct,
Paper Tiger TV, Sleeping Giant Productions, VideoActive, Whispered
Media, and Wholesome Goodness. In conjunction with the Independent
Media Center.
Cancel
the Debt, Now! (20 min)
Cancel the Debt, Now! outlines the immorality of the global debt crisis.
Activists from numerous countries tell about the impact of debt on
the poorest people in their societies, as well as the effects on the
environment. The video emphasizes the global Jubilee 2000 Campaign
to cancel the debt for the poorest countries and explains why this
is not "charity." Although the campaign is Biblically-grounded (in
the Book of Leviticus) -- and thus the video has religious overtones
-- this should not prevent its use in public schools. Its strength
is in its advocacy for activism in solidarity with the world's poor,
and in its scope. However, other than their dire poverty, we learn
little about the lives of people affected by the debt crisis. Jubilee
2000 Campaign. 2000.
back to DVDs
Effects
of IMF and World Bank Policies
Life and
Debt
Stephanie Black. New Yorker Films. 2001. Approx. 90 min.
This may be the best video overview of the effects of globalization
on one society -- in this instance, Jamaica. Life and Debt focuses
on the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Jamaica, but
it's much more than that. It weaves together interviews with the IMF
deputy director, farmers, workers, scholars, a former Prime Minister
(Michael Manley); a narration based on Jamaica Kincaid's A Small Place
(see p. 54); Jamaican music; life in a tourist hotel; and a kind of
Greek chorus of Rastafarian men who comment on Jamaica's neocolonial
plight. The conclusion: Jamaican society has been devastated by high
interest payments on its external debt (52% of the entire national
budget), cheap imports (potatoes, peanuts, carrots, milk powder, chicken),
the WTO ruling forcing Jamaica's bananas into direct competition with
much cheaper bananas from Central and South America, and exploitative
practices in Jamaica's World Bankpushed "free zone." (Of course, there
are some economic winners: Because of high crime, one security firm
featured has gone from 120 guards employed to between 1800 and 1900
guards and over 300 dogs.) It's this relatively comprehensive video
walk through Jamaica's economy that can help students see the relationship
between farm conditions and sweatshops, and provides a partial answer
to the sweatshop defense: "Well, no one is forcing people to go to
work in these places." The video returns periodically to the tourist
delights of Montego Bay, with Kincaid's incisive and sardonic narrative:
Every native of every place is a potential tourist. And every tourist
is a native of somewhere. Every native would like to find a way out.
Every native would like a rest. Every native would like a tour. But
some natives -- most natives in the world -- cannot go anywhere. They're
too poor to escape the realities of their lives. And they're too poor
to live properly in the place where they live. Which is the very place
that you the tourist want to go. So when the natives see you, the
tourist, they envy you. They envy your own ability to leave your own
banality and boredom. They envy your ability to turn their banality
and boredom into a source of pleasure for yourself. Life and Debt
is so issue-rich that it could be the centerpiece of a unit that looked
at the transition from colonialism to "freedom," and the character
of that freedom. As with many examinations of globalization, Life
and Debt is stronger on critique than it is on alternatives. Former
Prime Minister Michael Manley describes Jamaica's helplessness in
the face of the IMF/World Bank juggernaut, but was the Jamaican state
entirely without recourse? The video explores no possibilities. And
is Jamaica without recourse now? Toward the video's conclusion, one
member of the Rastafarian chorus proclaims that "Our salvation rests
in the hands of the Almighty." Unspecified is the nature of that salvation
and what responsibilities rest in the hands of Jamaicans, other Third
World people, and we in the "developed" countries. This speaks to
an important weakness of the video: We don't hear from Jamaicans who
are organizing for change. What strategies are being pursued, and
who is pursuing them? Indeed, the many interviews with small producers
who lament their decline lend the video a nostalgia that may be unwarranted.
Nonetheless, this is a clever, patient examination of what the global
economy has visited on one corner of the world. Two videos that look
specifically at resistance to theWorld Trade Organization, highlighting
the dramatic 1999 demonstrations in Seattle, are Showdown in Seattle
(http://www.indymedia.org/), and This is What Democracy Looks
Like (http://www.thisisdemocracy.org/).
Our Friends at the Bank
by Peter Chappell 1997 (85 minutes / color ) The economic development
of many countries depends on an institution now fifty years old, the
World Bank. Often criticized and blamed for politically unpopular
policies, and confronted with numerous setbacks, the Bank is experiencing
a difficult time with regard to which strategies to adopt, in particular
in Africa. Uganda, a country that emerged from the dictatorship of
Idi Amin and years of civil war with relatively high rates of economic
growth, is one of its "model cases." OUR FRIENDS AT THE BANK looks
at the relationship between the Government of Uganda and the World
Bank over a period of 18 months, filming with unprecedented access
events at the highest levels of both, and their many encounters and
exchanges. High-level teams set up by the Bank's new President, James
Wolfensohn, and by Uganda's President, Yoweri Museweri, confront each
other. The stakes are enormous. The Bank defends, as does its sister
organization the International Monetary Fund, an ultra-liberal economic
and financing philosophy which poorly matches the priorities, and
above all, the ferocious desire for independence of the Ugandans.
While Uganda feels a need to increase military spending to fight a
violent insurgent movement, the Bank answers to donor countries and
asks for details and explanations. In economic development policy
the government favors investment in "hard infrastructure" such as
roads, while the Bank argues for prioritizing education. The film
also shows how the IMF can weigh in as a third voice, in bilateral
discussions with the World Bank in Washington, or directly with the
Government on issues such as economic projections and how they affect
development financing, tax rates and policies. Finally, and contentiously,
OUR FRIENDS AT THE BANK shows how accepting aid from these world agencies
involves implementing the larger economic philosophy of free trade,
and often reluctant and painful privatizations. But do the Ugandans
have any choice, faced with enormous debt weighing heavily upon them,
and the realities of the global economic system? Traveling between
Washington, DC and Uganda, Peter Chappell followed the negotiations
between the World Bank and Uganda in order to understand and describe
the mechanisms that shape the reality of North-South relations, economic
and political policy, as well as the future of millions of people.
Banking
on Life and Debt
Robert Richter. Maryknoll. 1995. 30 min.
"It's easier to get a camel through the eye of a needle than for a
banker to feel sorry for a child who is starving, dying of starvation,"
claims the Brazilian radical politician "Lula" in Banking on Life
and Debt. The video is an overview of World Bank and International
Monetary Fund policies that promote poverty, starvation, and ecological
ruin. Measured by its ability to engage most high school students,
Banking on Life and Debt is spread too thin, covers too much history
and too much political economy, and is narrated by too many talking
heads. Nonetheless, through examining World Bank and IMF policies
in Ghana, Brazil, and the Philippines, the video offers a convincing
portrait of an international economic order that drains resources
from poor countries in the name of development. And if used with other
readings and activities that explore the global debt crisis, this
can be an important resource. The snapshot of Brazil helps clarify
the relationship between debt crisis and environmental crisis. Brazil
has been ordered to turn more of its land to production for export.
Increasing amounts of land are planted in soybeans. As Brazil's Cardinal
Arns points out, "The food that we were supposed to eat [is] being
sent to cows and pigs in other countries." Other poor countries receive
the same prescription, and flooded commodity markets pull down prices
of Third World raw materials. Meanwhile, poor Brazilian farmers lose
their land to huge corporations and become squatters, every year hacking
down more and more Amazon rainforest. The video doesn't bubble over
with hope, but we do meet activists in every country visited who describe
efforts to organize for alternatives to debt slavery
Showdown in Seattle: Five Days that shook the WTO (150 min.)
Produced December, 1999 by Independent Media Center and Big Noise
Films, Changing America, Headwaters Action Video Collective, Paper
Tiger TV, VideoActive and Whispered Media, working with the footage
of dozens of video activists from the IMC.
Showdown in Seattle features an on-the-ground, non corporate perspective
and in-depth analysis you won't find anywhere else, in addition to
incredible footage of police repression and popular resistance. Each
half hour show is made up of segments shot and edited on location
in downtown Seattle by an unprecedented collaboration of video producers
from around the U.S. working under the umbrella of the Independant
Media Center. The programs in this series were produced daily on location
in Seattle and satellitecast across the U.S on each day of the WTO
ministerial. Order from any
of the Co-Producers
back to DVDs
Labour
Timber GAP
A new video release from HAVC - in association with Earth Films and Tobermory Studios. Within
this 18-minute video, several interrelated issues are connected. Starting
out with a look at the unsustainable logging practices of the Mendocino
Redwood Company, which is financed with profits from The GAP , it
provides an overview of the ecological issues behind the environmental
and community resistance. Judi Bari the late radical Earth First!
organizer, explains how timberland can be converted once the forest
has been logged; showing how vineyards and gentrification are moving
north - "creeping up the pike" - into the redwood region.
Colorful protests involving civil disobedience and direct action by
a variety of activists bring home the point that all is not well in
the great north woods. The video then moves into the issue of sweatshop
labor exploitation that has defined the profit margin for GAP Inc.
An angry ex-sweatshop worker explains what conditions are like on
the prison island of Saipan, a US colony that ignores US labor laws
and imports young Asian girls as indentured workers. . . From the
producers of the award winning video, LUNA , The Stafford Giant Tree-Sit
; Fire in the Eyes and co-producers of Showdown in Seattle 5 Days
that Shook the WTO . . . TIMBER GAP
please send donations to:
HAVC
P.O.BOX 2198
Redway CA 95560 Email: mailto:info@havc.org
Behind the Labels: Garment Workers on U.S. Saipan (2001)
Lured by false promises and driven by desperation, thousands of
Chinese and Filipina women pay high fees to work in garment factories
on the Pacific island of Saipan - the only U.S. territory exempt from
labor and immigration laws. The clothing they sew, bearing the "Made
in the USA" label, is shipped duty and quota-free to the U.S for sale
by major retailers. Powerful hidden camera footage, along with the
garment workers' personal stories, offers a rare and unforgettable
glimpse into indentured labor and the workings of the global sweatshop.
Produced and directed by Tia Lessin. Contact Witness at 212-274-1664
ext. 201 or www.witness.org .
Made in Thailand (2000)
A film by Eve-Laure Moros Ortega and Linzy Emery. It shows the
underside of economic globalization by concentrating on Thai women
workers who are often among the invisible casualties of globalization.
This film makes them visible. The women reveal how interconnected
consumers and other workers in Western industrialized nations are
to workers in industrializing countries in the new world economy.
The film is an attempt to raise awareness and stimulate a dialogue
about the need to protect workers' rights in the age of economic globalization.
Contact Eve-Laure Moros Ortega, 321 Carlton Avenue 2nd Floor, Brooklyn
NY 11205, 718-852-3586 or mailto:evelaure@mindspring.com.
Maquila: A tale of Two Mexicos (2000)
Saul Landau and Sonia Angulo. Cinema Guild. 2000. 55 min.
Filmed in Mexico, this documentary lays open to sight and sound the
lives of contemporary Mexicans. Peasants and farmers have been forced
off the land and have migrated to Juarez, Tiajuana and other northern
border cities, where they work in maquilas. Others cling tenuously
to their land using pre-modern agricultural modes in the post-modern
age of industrial globalization. A film by Saul Landau and Sonia Angulo.
Contact Cinema Guild at 800-723-5522The "two Mexicos" referred to
in the title of this video are the countryside and the industrial
border zones, home to numerous maquiladoras . Although the video's
portrait of maquiladora-centered urban life is much fuller than its
depiction of rural life, this is an important resource. As one observer
points out, the maquila boom may represent economic growth, but it
is certainly not genuine development. Using Ciudad Juarez -- just
across the Rio Grande from El Paso, Texas -- as a case study, the
video demonstrates how maquilas cheat workers out of wages, undermine
unions, pollute surrounding neighborhoods, offer miserable health
and safety conditions, and abuse the largely female labor force. Interviews
with workers offer glimpses into the intimate humiliations they confront.
One woman maquila worker says that factory managers will fire any
worker who becomes pregnant; they require women to take pregnancy
tests and go so far as to demand to see their sanitary napkins to
make sure they are menstruating. Another startling feature of the
video is its investigation into the huge number of disappearances
and murders of poor women in Juarez. A crime wave that might be portrayed
as horrifying but inexplicable by the mainstream media is here given
economic and social context. Be aware that there is an especially
gruesome scene of a murdered young woman that could upset some students.
But this segment is not unrelievedly grim. The video features a large
and inspiring demonstration of hundreds of women waving white handkerchiefs,
chanting "Ni una mas!" (Not one more!) Although we don't learn about
conditions in the countryside in as much depth as we learn about urban
life, there are effective scenes of peasants in Chiapas resisting
the militarization of their lands, and interview segments with the
Zapatista leader Subcomandante Marcos. Maquiladoras depend on a ready
supply of desperate people willing to trade their freedom and sometimes
their health for a regular, if inadequate, wage. This video begins
to ask, "Why?" and to locate sweatshops in a broader process of globalization.
Global Village or Global Pillage
Jeremy Brecher. 1999. 28 min.
Global Village or Global Pillage makes two arguments: People around
the world are being pitted against each other in a "race to the bottom,"
where "all are being driven down to the level of the poorest and most
desperate;" and this process can only be reversed through global solidarity.
The video opens with Westinghouse worker, Janet Pratt, who lost her
job when the company decided to move production from the United States
to Juarez, Mexico. To add insult to injury, Westinghouse invited Pratt
to travel south to train the workers who would now being doing her
job. Despite misgivings, she accepted and found Juarez workers living
in miserable conditions and earning 85¢ an hour for what she
had been making $13.65 an hour to do. It's the video's initial illustration
of a process that is going on throughout the world as capital rushes
to find the cheapest labor it can, as well as the least restrictive
environmental regulations. Part two of Global Village or Global Pillage
argues for what the producers call the "Lilliput Strategy" -- named
for the Lilliputians tying up of Gulliver with hundreds of pieces
of thread. Students might be encouraged to think about the strengths
and weaknesses of this metaphor in considering the potential nature
of movements for global justice. Examples in the video of this strategy
include a consumer campaign to support GAP workers in El Salvador,
a global campaign to aid Indian villagers combating a World Bank-supported
dam, and worker solidarity struggles to force Bridgestone-Firestone
to rehire U.S. workers it had fired and replaced with 2300 strikebreakers.
In this campaign, Brazilian workers held one-hour stoppages and then
"worked like turtles," the Brazilian expression for a slowdown. These
are inspiring examples that point toward a world where people support
each other not simply for moral or humane reasons, but also out of
selfinterest, to create decent living and working conditions in their
own societies. In a 28-minute video, the producers can be forgiven
for sidestepping more detailed questions of strategy. Does the Lilliput
strategy imagine a world of regulated global capitalism, with a social
and environmental "floor," or are humane and environmental objectives
fundamentally incompatible with a system based on private profit,
and thus require a non-capitalist global order? They don't say. This
is a worthwhile overview to many of the issues covered in Rethinking
Globalization.
Lost Futures: The Problem of Child Labor (2000)
Produced by the American Federation of Teachers, this 16-minute
video for middle school students includes a brief history of child
labor in the United States, a description of child labor around the
globe including the story of Iqbal Masih--a freed child laborer and
martyr from Pakistan--and how American schools have joined in the
fight to end child labor. The video is accompanied by a teacher's
guide with background information, lesson plan suggestions, and additional
resources. Contact the American Federation of Teachers at www.aft.org/international/child/video.html.
Sweating for a T-Shirt (1999)
Produced by Global Exchange. Follow the journey of a UCLA freshman
through the garment industry of Honduras as she seeks to find out
how her school t-shirt was made. Contact Global Exchange at 800-497-1994
or www.globalexchange.org .
Something to Hide (1999)
From the National Labor Committee (NLC) and the United Students
Against Sweatshops (USAS). US students visit El Salvador's maquilas.
A good resource for university-based campaigns. Contact NLC at 212-242-3002
or www.nlcnet.org .
Zoned for Slavery: the Child Behind the Label (1995)
National Labor Committee. 1995. 23 min.
From the National Labor Committee. On Central America's maquiladora
export assembly industry. Contact NLC at 212-242-3002 or www.nlcnet.org
.
United States corporations operating in Central American free trade
zones "pay no corporate taxes, no income taxes, no social security
or health benefits, and they treat their workers like slaves. There
are no inspections, no regulations, and when workers try to organize,
they are fired." As Zoned for Slavery emphasizes, these miserable
conditions are subsidized by U.S. taxpayers, with over $1 billion
funneled to free trade zones by the U.S. Agency for International
Development. Most of the workers are young women - teenagers - who
work for wages that are 5 to 10% of the wages earned by U.S. apparel
workers. Children are the losers, forced to choose between work and
school, as employers insist on mandatory overtime. In his commentary
in the video, the National Labor Committee's Charles Kernaghan insists
that with their forced overtime policies, companies "are telling these
young women: 'It's school or it's work - you decide. If you're going
to go to school tonight, don't bother coming back tomorrow, 'cause
you're fired.'" Kernaghan's indignation at the youngsters' exploitation
courses through the video. A Gap shirt made in El Salvador sells in
the United States for $20, but the workers receive just 12 ¢.
Who gets the other $19.88? he demands. The video is relentlessly polemical,
but why shouldn't it be? Kernaghan's outrage is an appropriate response
to the degradation he witnesses. With Kernaghan, we sneak into a Honduran
maquiladora and hear from the teenage workers about their conditions.
In open garbage pits outside the factories we see discarded packets
of the birth control pills that factory managers force on young women
workers. Not explained, unfortunately, is the role of the Korean subcontractors
who appear as the video's only on-camera bad guys. As with the NLC
video Mickey Mouse Goes to Haiti (reviewed here), Zoned for Slavery
is marred by its failure to highlight the ongoing organizing efforts
of Central Americans themselves. By almost entirely ignoring labor
and human rights activities there, the producers implicitly suggest
that people in the United States must shoulder sole responsibility
to confront sweatshop abuse. Still, Zoned for Slavery is an excellent
- some teachers think the best - introduction to issues of child labor
and global sweatshops. It's an important resource, one I've found
especially valuable as a follow-up to the Transnational Capital Auction
Tomorrow We'll Finish
UNICEF (distributed by Maryknoll). 1994. 26 min.
Tomorrow We'll Finish dramatizes the lives of three, Nepalese girls
in a rug factory in Katmandu. Although it may feel a bit melodramatic
or contrived to some students, the video is an effective introduction
to child labor in the rug industry. Its attention to details -- the
rigors of the girls' working conditions, their sexual harassment by
their "middleman" overseer, the pressure to produce in order to pay
back loans to their families -- lends the video a feeling of authenticity
and invites students to look at life from the girls' points of view.
Especially touching is the tenderness in the three girls' relationships
and how they look out for one another. I've used the video only once,
but my students -- mostly high school sophomores at the time -- enjoyed
it and found it more affecting than reporter-narrated TV newsmagazine
segments. Viewers get only a glimpse of how the girls' labor relates
to the global economy when a Europeanlooking rug buyer enters the
factory to bargain for the finished product. The failure to examine
the broader global context of child labor could be considered a weakness
of the video. On the other hand, it demonstrates effectively how both
consumers and producers are often invisible to each other.
back to DVDs
Migration
UPROOTED: Refugees
of the Global Economy
(National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights with Sasha
Khokha, Ulla Nilsen, Jon Fromer, and Francisco Herrera, 28 min, 2001)
A compelling documentary about how the global economy has forced
people to leave their home countries. UPROOTED presents three stories
of immigrants who left their homes in Bolivia, Haiti, and the Philippines
after global economic powers devastated their countries, only to face
new challenges in the United States. These powerful stories raise
critical questions about U.S. immigration policy in an era when corporations
cross borders at will. This documentary weaves together the stories
of three immigrants into a compelling tale of how the global economy
(including U.S. corporations and the (from International Monetary
Fund) has forced immigrants to leave their home countries.
The Spectre of Hope
(2001)
With Sebastião Salgado and John Berger
Directed by Paul Carlin
Produced by Paula Jalfon, Colin MacCabe and Adam Simon (52 minutes
/ color)
Over the past 30 years Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado's
work has won every major award for excellence. More importantly, his
photographs have had an actual impact on the world and how it is seen,
bringing conditions of famine and poverty to the attention of a jaded
first world in a profound and arresting way. Best known for "Ways
of Seeing," the seminal book and BBC series on art criticism, John
Berger is one of the world's leading critics of art and photography.
His "Selected Essays," written over nearly 50 years, has just been
published (Pantheon Books, 2002). In THE SPECTRE OF HOPE Sebastião
Salgado joins Berger to pore over Salgado's collection "Migrations."
Six years and 43 countries in the making (ranging across Africa, Asia,
Eastern Europe and Latin America), "Migrations" contains photographs
of people pushed from their homes and traditions to cities and their
margins - slums and streets and refugee camps. Sitting at the kitchen
table of Berger's home in the Swiss Alps, their intimate conversation,
intercut with photographs from "Migrations," combines a discussion
of Salgado's work with a critique of globalization, and a wide-ranging
investigation of the power of the image.
Chain of Love (2001)
A Film by Marije Meerman (50 minutes / color )
The demand for domestic help is increasing in the West, because in
many families both parents must work for economic survival. One consequence
is migration: escalating numbers of women in the Third World are leaving
their own children to take care of kids in the West. Women from the
Philippines are well regarded by prospective employers in the United
States and Europe. They speak English, are Catholic, and according
to many, are caring, intelligent, and compliant. Or, as Rhacel Parrenas
(author of the study Global Servants) remarks, "The Filipino nanny
is the Mercedes Benz amongst the international [caregivers]." The
money the expatriates earn in the West is sent home to the Philippines,
where local help can then be hired to look after their children. This
money is the Philippines' largest source of income in foreign currency.
CHAIN OF LOVE is a film about the Philippines' second largest export
product - maternal love - and how this export affects the women involved,
their families in the Philippines, and families in the West.
back to top
Trade
Trading Free Speech for Free Trade (FTAA)
On November 20th, 2003 The Free Trade Area of the Americas, (FTAA)
met for their eighth meeting to negotiate a hemispheric trade policy
in Miami, Florida. 20,000 labor, human rights, environmental and peace
activists showed up in Miami to express their disfavor with global
trade policies that favor corporate profits over local economic control.
Read More
New Democracy Project: Trade & Globalization
Presenters: Lael Brainard and Lori Wallach,
Commentators: REP. Sherrod Brown and Michael Waldman
The New Democracy Project (NDP) is a national/urban affairs institute
utilizing the assets of New York City to promote democratic participation,
economic fairness and social justice.
This
is what free trade looks like
by activist media project Los Angelesthe NAFTA fraud in méxico,
the failure of the WTO, and the case for global revolt Designed for
educational and community use as a companion film to This is What Democracy Looks Like , this is one of the first
activist films to carefully explain how free trade operates. It does
so from the perspective of the Mexican experience with ten years of
NAFTA. Activists and scholars authoritatively condemn free trade as
a solution to poverty and discuss the impacts on farmers, workers,
youth, and immigrants. Shot in Cancún, México on the
occasion of the 5th WTO ministerial in September 2003, it contextualizes
the growing international resistance to free trade policies. Music
from the streets of Cancún. 2004. 60 minutes.
Trade Secrets: The Hidden Costs of the FTAA (2003)
The FTAA would extend NAFTA to the rest of the Western Hemisphere,
except for Cuba, including 31 more countries and another 400 million
people. Scheduled for completion by 2005, it would be the most far-reaching
free trade agreement ever negotiated. The 16-minute documentary Trade
Secrets examines in clear, concise language how NAFTA and FTAA impact
workers' rights, the environment, and our democracy. A film by Casey
Peek and Jeremy Blasi. The video comes with an accompanying curriculum
guide, "Understanding the FTAA," including a set of fact sheets, background
materials, and fun interactive role plays. Contact the Henning Center
for International Labor Relations at (510) 642-1583 or henningcenter.berkeley.edu/projects/tradesecrets.html
.
